narragansett language

pp. [13], And in fact, in 1987, while conducting a survey for a development company, archaeologists from Rhode Island College discovered the remains of an Indian village on the northern edge of Point Judith Pond, near to the place which Roger Williams had indicated. They are among 17 languages spoken by Indigenous peoples along the Atlantic coast from what is now Canada to what is now North Carolina. He did a better job of getting the way Indians really spoke than the Indian Bible, according to Frank Waabu OBrien. Nantucket, for example, could come from the Massachusett meaning in the midst of waters or the Narragansett meaning far off among the waves, linguists say. Darkness Walker., Darkness Walker Bear Solitaire (leonchartrand.com). Netop was Massachusett Pidgin, a lingua franca that evolved throughout the region for trade and talks. The Narragansett Dawn 1 (July 1935): 10. Eliot, by the way, founded the first community of praying Indians in Natick, Mass. Covering 147 miles, the Bay forms New England's largest estuary, which functions as an expansive natural harbor, and includes a small archipelago. European settlement in the Narragansett territory did not begin until 1635; in 1636, Roger Williams acquired land from Narragansett sachems Canonicus and Miantonomi and established Providence Plantations. But as the colonists multiplied and began to dominate New England, they had less interest in learning Massachusett Pidgin. The word comes from the Miqmaq kaleboo, which means pawer or scratcher. That refers to how the animal kicks away snow to eat grass or moss. The languages, all Algonquian, were all oral and they changed over time. Ariela Gross, "Of Portuguese Origin": Litigating Identity and Citizenship among the "Little Races" in Nineteenth-Century America], Learn how and when to remove this template message, Historic Village of the Narragansetts in Charlestown, "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs", Ray Henry, "High court to hear case over Indian land: Usage of tribal property at issue", "Supreme Court will rule on Narragansett dispute with Rhode Island", Chris Keegan, "High court thwarts RI casino plan", "Ancient Indian Village in Rhode Island Pits Preservation Against Property Rights", "Center Profile: Narragansett Indian Church", "Ariela Gross | "Of Portuguese Origin": Litigating Identity and Citizenship among the "Little Races" in Nineteenth-Century America | Law and History Review, 25.3 | the History Cooperative", ELIZABETH ABBOTT, "Ancient Indian Village in Rhode Island Pits Preservation Against Property Rights", "Salt Pond, center of the ancient Narragansett world", "Paul Campbell Research Notes", Rhode Island Historical Society, April 1997. Meanwhile, "powwow" has lived on in other Native . Now some of them are getting their own language back. [3] The administration in 2018 was: Assistant Tribal Secretary: Betty Johnson, Assistant Tribal Treasurer: Walter K. Babcock, Some present-day Narragansett people believe that their name means "people of the little points and bays". And the onomatapoeiac word honk for geese is attributed to both languages. The Narragansett remained a powerful nation, maintaining their sovereignty or authority and autonomy despite language within the The Royal Charter that established the Colony of Rhode Island in 1663, which allowed the colonists to self govern, practice religious freedoms and it allowed the colonial power to "to invade and destroy the native ." ONLINE Narragansett: a language of United . PO Box 2206 Between 1616 and 1619, infectious diseases killed thousands of Algonquians in coastal areas south of Rhode Island. International Journal of American Linguistics 35 (1969): 28-33. The tribe is led by an elected tribal council, a chief sachem, a medicine man, and a Christian leader. Their determination was based on wording in the act which defines "Indian" as "all persons of Indian descent who are members of any recognized tribe now under federal jurisdiction."[7]. A, Ch, E, H, I, K, M, N, P, Q, S, Sh, T, Ty, U, W, Y, The location of the Narragansett tribe and their neighbors, c. 1600, It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Mashantucket Pequot Research Library, Pequot and Related Languages, A Bibliography, "Verb Conjugation in Narragansett Language", OLAC resources in and about the Narragansett language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narragansett_language&oldid=1133585419. The first European contact was in 1524 when explorer Giovanni de Verrazzano visited Narragansett Bay. It has a high concentration of permanent structures. google_ad_client = "pub-8872632675285158"; Bragdon, Kathleen J. In the late 20th century, they took action to have more control over their future. google_ad_slot = "7815442998"; The Mohegans were on the verge of defeat when the colonists came and saved them, sending troops to defend the Mohegan fort at Shantok. The tribe has begun language revival efforts, based on early-20th-century books and manuscripts, and new teaching programs. Here are cases of five native people the Wampanoag, the Narragansett, the Miqmaq, the Mohegan and the Penobscot trying to reclaim their language. Along New Englands coast the Wampanoag people spoke the ancient Massachusett language. They at least played a version of it. "Narragansett Tongue- Lesson 14." Gladys Tantaquidgeon By Department of Historic Preservation/The Mohegan Tribe, Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37390510. Gray, Nicole. google_ad_client = "pub-8872632675285158"; Also to The Language Encounter in the Americas, 1492-1800, edited by Edward G. Gray and Norman Fiering. Mikmaq making hockey sticks from hornbeam trees (Ostrya virginiana) in Nova Scotia about 1890. In 1643, Williams wrote A Key into the Language of America, a phrase book to help newcomers speak with native people. the Narragansett Indian Tribe. See more. Narragansett /nrnst/[1] is an Algonquian language formerly spoken in most of what is today Rhode Island by the Narragansett people. Their language is closely related to Massachusett and sometimes its hard to tell them apart. In 1980, he won a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to create a Penobscot dictionary. What's new on our site today! Mohegan-Pequot, Narragansett, and Quiripi are all part of the Eastern Algonquian language sub-family, meaning that the languages share many similarities. In the 19th century, the tribe resisted repeated state efforts to declare that it was no longer an Indian tribe because its members were multiracial in ancestry. "Narragansett Tongue- Lessons 7 and 8." The full title of this work is shown on facsimile of the title page, following: A Proto-Algonquian Dictionary. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett_language ", "Meet the Narragansett leader who is still going strong at 99", "Keewakwa Abenaki Keenahbeh - Whispering Giant Sculptures on Waymarking.com", "DR. ROBYN HANNIGAN Environmental Scientist", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narragansett_people&oldid=1142843751, First of two periods of Sachemdom for this famous chief, Son of Miantonomo, Great-cousin of Mriksah, Son of Ninigret I, half-brother of his predecessor, Depicted in the oil painting on display at the, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 17:48. Providence, Rhode Island: Sidney S. Rider. (Great Salt Pond Archeological District). [18] After the Pequots were defeated, the colonists gave captives to their allies the Narragansetts and the Mohegans. The site is now known as the Salt Pond Archaeological Site or site RI 110. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett_people The case went to the United States Supreme Court, as the state challenged the removal of new lands from state oversight by a tribe recognized by the US after the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act. The Miqmaq, by the way, made the worlds best-selling hockey stick in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The tribe has plans to upgrade the Longhouse that it constructed along RI Route 2 (South County Trail) to serve as a place of American Indian cuisine and cultural meeting house. "Narragansett Tongue- Lesson 9." This would have made the newly acquired land to be officially recognized as part of the Narragansett Indian reservation, taking it out from under Rhode Island's legal authority. The tribe was nearly landless for most of the 20th century but acquired land in 1991 in their lawsuit Carcieri v. Salazar, and they petitioned the Department of the Interior to take the land into trust on their behalf. For years, Siebert worked on a Penobscot dictionary. "Narragansett Tongue- Lesson 12." Scholars refer to Massachusett and Narragansett as dialects of the same language. User Review - Flag as inappropriate Book offers a "re-translation" of this 1643 classic on Narragansett language and culture--"A Key". Fond du Lac, WI 54936-2206 These plans have been in the works for more than 15 years. Bibliography for Studies of American Indians in and Around Rhode Island: 16th 21st Centuries. (1998) Wampanoag Cultural History: Voices from Past and Present (1999) Indian Grammar Dictionary for N-Dialect (2000); Introduction to the Narragansett Language (2001) New England Algonquian Language Revival (2005) It means cold brook or cold stream. Other Wampanoag names in Massachusetts include Cotuit, long planting field; Cuttyhunk, thing that lies out in the sea; Mashpee, place near great cove; and Tuckernuck Island, round loaf of bread.. . She continues his work, not for the benefit of scholars but so the Penobscot people will speak their language again. The Indians retaliated for the massacre in a widespread spring offensive beginning in February 1676 in which they destroyed all Colonial settlements on the western side of Narragansett Bay. Now They Want Their Languages Back. Gatschet, Albert S. Narragansett Vocabulary Collected in 1879. Navajo ~ Nez Perce, Nimiipuutimt & Cayuse ~ Nisenan ~ Nisga'a ~ Nisqually. ABENAKI LANGUAGE - WESTERN ABNAKI LANGUAGE - EASTERN ABNAKI LANGUAGE - PENOBSCOT LANGUAGE. In Papers of the Thirteenth Algonquian Conference. All these languages are technically classified as extinct because there are no fluent speakers of the languages left. /* 728x15 link ad */ The Narragansetts understood the message and did not attack them. The word hockey, though, comes from the French word hoquet, or shepherds stick, according to one theory. The Narragansetts had a tradition of bringing other people into their tribe by marriage and having them assimilate as culturally Narragansett, especially as their children grew up in the tribe. Native American Cultures Roger Williams, A Key into the Language of America, 142, 156. Dana has also published a collection of Penobscot stories, the Glubaska tales, that came to her through anthropologist Frank Speck. The council had the help of Roger Williams phrase book, as well as The Narragansett Dawn,a newsletter published by the Narragansett Tribe in 1935 and 1936. About 7,000 people speak Miqmaq, about four percent of the the nations population in Canada, according to the 2016 Canadian census. The Aquidneck Indian Council's "Introduction to the Narragansett Language" is a companion volume to "Indian Grammar Dictionary for N- Dialect: A Study of A Key into the Language of America by Roger Williams 1643". via phone at (401) 932-7590. ), Handbook of North American Indians, vol. Just better. XLI. Some Narragansett children were sent as far away as the Carlisle Industrial School in Pennsylvania, as well as to schools in Connecticut and Rhode Island. Aubin, George Francis. Providence, RI: Brown University (Unpublished M.A. His sons Charles Augustus and George succeeded him as sachems. Narragansett is an Eastern Algonquian language that was spoken by the Nipmuc and Narragansett tribes in Rhode Island in the USA until the 19th century. Welcome to our Narragansett vocabulary page! [9], The Narragansett language died out in the 19th century, so modern attempts to understand its words have to make use of written sources. The Narragansett Dawn 1 (February 1936): 232. Lewis, Nathan (1897). Rhode Island Indian Claims Settlement Act 95th Congress Language: Narragansett was an Algonkian language, closely related to Mohegan (Pequot) and Massachusett (Wampanoag). Three in Narragansett Tongue." The website features podcasts to hear the language. She can be reached at her office (for appointments etc.) New England Indians loaned many words and place names to the American English language. KINGSTON, R.I. June 16, 2021 The National Science Foundation's new Regional Class Research Vessel that will soon call the University of Rhode Island's Narragansett Bay Campus home has a name: Narragansett Dawn. During colonial and later times, tribe members intermarried with colonists and Africans. The Longhouse was built in 1940 and has fallen into disrepair. The 1880 Act authorizing the state to negotiate with the tribe listed 324 Narragansetts approved by the Supreme Court as claimants to the land. * To They pointed toward this large settlement and told him that it was called Nanihigonset. https://www.theodysseyonline.com/narragansett-language-culture The Narragansett Dawn 1 (December 1935): 185-7. This statement suggests that the original Narragansett homeland was identified by 17th-century natives as being a little island located near the northern edge of Point Judith Pond, possibly the unnamed island in Billington cove. All structured data from the main, Property, Lexeme, and EntitySchema namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. International Journal of American Linguistics 39 (1973) (1):7-13. Narragansett is an Eastern Algonquian language that was spoken by the Nipmuc and Narragansett tribes in Rhode Island in the USA until the 19th century. n.a. Would you like to sponsor our work on the Narragansett Indian language? [14] A documentary film about the site was sponsored by the Rhode Island Department of Transportation, with support from the Federal Highway Administration, and aired on Rhode Island PBS in November 2015. They currently require tribal members to show direct descent from one or more of the 324 members listed on the 1880-84 Roll, which was established when Rhode Island negotiated land sales. Cowan, William. So Siebert went to work trying to preserve the Penobscot language. The Narragansett language became almost entirely extinct during the 20th century. With the help of John Sassamon, Cochenoe and James Printer, he translated the English Bible into the Natick dialect of Massachusett. Welcome to the language page for the Brothertown Indian Nation. Today, Narragansett people are enrolled in the federally recognized Narragansett Indian Tribe. "Narragansett Tongue- Lesson 10." On all which are added Spirituall Observations, General and Particular by the Author of chiefe and Special use (upon all occasions) to all the English Inhabiting those parts; yet pleasant and profitable to the view of all men. Rhode Island Colony period: 1636-1776. The Last of the Narragansetts. Theyve borrowed words from English, French and each other. [8] Pritzker's Native American Encyclopedia translates the name as "(People) of the Small Point". We encourage you to use our website to learn about our tribe, its history, people, culture, and its story. The BIN Community Center is located at 311 Winnebago Drive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. By the 21st century, their language had pretty much disappeared in the United States. . We have included twenty basic Narragansett words here, to compare with related American Indian languages. "The Narragansett Tongue- Lesson 5." [3] A small portion of the tribe resides on or near the reservation, according to the 2000 U.S. Vol. Map of the Colony of Rhode Island: Giving the Indian Names of Locations and the Locations of Great Events in Indian History with Present Political Divisions Indicate. Grammatical Studies in the Narragansett Language Massachusett-Narragansett Revival Program 2009. The Tomaquag Edition of the Key Into the Language of America, Edited by Dawn Dove, Sandra Robinson, Lorn Spears, Dorothy Herman Papp, Kathleen Bragdon American Indian heritage ), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. All rights reserved. Indian Grammar Dictionary for N Dialect: A Study of A Key into the Language of America by Roger Williams, 1643. The language of the Wampanoag is most closely related to those spoken by the Mohican and Pequot; the neighboring Narragansett spoke a dialect of the same language. The tribe prepared extensive documentation of its genealogy and proof of continuity as descendants of the 324 tribal members of treaty status. They contended that they absorbed other ethnicities into their tribe and continued to identify culturally as Narragansetts. They used the surrounding pond and its many islands for hunting camps, resource collection, fishing, shellfish, burial sites, and herbal collections for medicine and ceremony. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Treatise presents a brief grammatical sketch of the extinct American Indian language, Narragansett. He also described how the Wampanoag then spoke among themselves in true Massachusett a language Winslow couldnt understand. 1683). The find turned out to be an important one, because no other American Indian coastal village has ever been found in the Northeastern United States. The purpose: to provide scholars with a better understanding of the language and culture.. Goddard, Ives (Volume Editor, 1996). London: Gregory Dexter. American Indian jewelry Narragansett language. The Narragansett Dawn 2 (May 1936): 5. Go back to the list of Indian tribes Cowan, William. Charles Shay By Romain Brget Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=95721834. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. While King Tom was sachem, much of the Narragansett land was sold, and a considerable part of the tribe emigrated to the State of New York, joining other Indians there who belonged to the same Algonquin language group. 6." A force of Mohegans and Connecticut militia captured Narragansett sachem Canonchet a few days after the destruction of Providence Plantations, while a force of Plymouth militia and Wampanoags hunted down Metacomet. language system of the Narragansett American Indians in the present-day State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is the 1643 English language book written by the British missionary, Mr. Roger Williams (ca. In them, familiar looking people in antique clothing spoke to her in an incomprehensible language. The following are listed in alphabetical order by surname. This Narragansett language, once spoken by untold numbers of Gods First Children on this Land for tens of thousands of years in and around the present-day State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is now extinct. Omniglot is how I make my living. Today some members of the Narragansett tribe live on the Narragansett Indian Reservation in Charlestown, Rhode Island. Efforts are currently being made to revive Narragansett by the linguist Frank Waabu OBrien (Moondancer) and others. In addition to those resources, many legal documents, mostly deeds and wills, written in Massachusett still existed. In Glosbe you will find translations from English into Narragansett coming from various sources. The case was being retried in the summer of 2008. Brief summary of grammar of extinct southern New England American Indian language, Narragansett. The "point" may be located on the Salt Pond in Washington County. The Narragansett Dawn. A Massachusett Language Book, Vol. "PA *a, *k and *t in Narragansett." Dawnland Voices, An Anthology of Indigenous Writing from New England edited by Soibhan Senier. In January 1676, colonist Joshua Tefft was hanged, drawn, and quartered by colonial forces at Smith's Castle[20] in Wickford, Rhode Island for having fought on the side of the Narragansetts during the Great Swamp Fight. The clipped form squash can be seen as early as 1643, in Roger Williams's documentation of the Narragansett language, A Key into the Language of America: Asktasquash, their Vine aples, which the English from them call Squashes about the bignesse of Apples of severall colours, a sweet, light wholesome refreshing. O'Brien, Frank Waabu (2004). Now, Wampanoag people on Cape Cod and the Islandsthe Aquinnah, Mashpee, Assonet, and Herring Pond tribesspeak a revived form of the language. After the war, the colonists sold some surviving Narragansetts into slavery and shipped them to the Caribbean; others became indentured servants in Rhode Island. She later said if she knew how hard it was she wouldnt have done it. And to be told that we may be made negro citizens? The state put tribal lands up for public sale in the 19th century, but the tribe did not disperse and its members continued to practice its culture. Speck deposited them in an archive, but ultimately her papers returned to the Mohegan in 2020. Wabanaki Indians loaned many words that appear on Maine maps, including Ogunquit, Androscoggin, Kennebunk, Machias and the Penobscot River. Description: The Narragansett language, is an extinct language, once spoken by the Narragansetts, quite similar to Massachusett. Narragansett /nrnst/ is an Algonquian language formerly spoken in most of what is today Rhode Island by the Narragansett people. Quite the same Wikipedia. Website "New England Algonquian Language Revival" by Dr. Frank Waabu O'Brien, Aquidneck Indian Council. Costa and Baldwin's work is itself one part of a much larger puzzle: 90 percent of the 175 Native American languages that managed to survive the European invasion have no child speakers . Linguist James Hammond Trumbull explains that naiag or naiyag means a corner or angle in the Algonquian languages, so that the prefix nai is found in the names of many points of land on the sea coast and rivers of New England (e.g. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. The Penobscot language was fading in the 1960s when an eccentric self-taught linquist named Frank Siebert bought a house across the Penobscot River from Indian Island in Maine. In 1675, John Sassamon, a converted "Praying Indian", was found bludgeoned to death in a pond. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Using a modern spelling for Wampanoag, Wpanak, she started the Wpanak Language Reclamation Project with the Aquinnah and Mashpee Wampanoag tribes. Netop derives from netomp, which means my friend in Narragansett. OPEN HOUSE: Sunday, March 5, 2023 12:00 PM - 2:00 PM. Williams gave the tribe's name as Nanhigganeuck. This site concentrates on the Roger Williams book so is a must see. He also wrote a dictionary of the Narragansett language, Keys to the Indian Language, which was published in . Today, there are only about 175 native languages left, according to the Indigenous Language Institute. A teacher of the Narragansett language, her excellent orations given in the language will be missed during the annual August Meeting, ceremonies, traditional gatherings, presentations, cultural . former language of the Narragansett people. Another loan word, toboggan, comes from the Miqmaq topaghan. The Wampanoag also loaned English skunk and muskrat. 151155 in Actes du 8e Congrs des Algonquinistes, 1976, William Cowan, ed., Ottawa: Carleton University. Miantonomi had an estimated 1,000 men under his command. The state intervened in order to prevent development and to buy the 25-acre site for preservation; it was part of 67 acres planned for development by the new owner. Such words include quahog, moose, papoose, powwow, squash, and succotash. Three Wampanoag men were arrested, convicted, and hanged for Sassamon's death. The other pre-Columbian village (Otan in Narragansett Algonquin) is in Virginia. Nayatt Point in Barrington, RI, and Noyack on Long Island). Massachusetts With 26 different Miqmaq reserves, they chose the easiest to read and write. Aubin, George Francis. They made a preemptive attack on the Narragansett palisade fortress on December 19, 1675 in a battle that became known as the Great Swamp Fight. So the reclamation of this neighboring language was more than inspirational for the Narragansett Tribe, since information about Wpanak may be used in the reclamation of Narragansett. | Webmaster | Site Map, 1600-1700: Brothertown Indian Parent Tribes, Grammatical Studies in the Narragansett Language, Introduction to the Narragansett Language. Their spouses and children were taken into the tribe, enabling them to keep a tribal and cultural identity. In exchange, the tribe agreed that the laws of Rhode Island would be in effect on those lands, except for hunting and fishing. Official Language of the Abnakis d'Obank - Asbenakis Band Council of Odanak, Canada. Bragdon, Kathleen J. Mierle, Shelley. And in the hopes of inspiring fluency among younger generations, theyre using Facebook and websites and podcasts as teaching tools. They assimulated into those cultures and lost their language. Roger Williams: Another View. A New Edition of One of the Most Important Cultural Artifacts of European and Indigenous American Contact Roger Williams's Key into the Language of America, first published in 1643, is one of the most important artifacts of early Indigenous American culture.In it, Williams recorded the day-to-day experience of the Narragansett people of Rhode Island in their own words, the first documentation . You can find more Narragansett Indian words in our online picture glossaries. By 1636, Cononicus, sachem of the Narragansett tribe, had granted Williams land along the Seekonk River. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. The Narragansett Dawn 1 (June 1935): 14-5. The reservation, about 90 miles south of Mount Katahdin (another Penobscot name) extends along the Penobscot River to include 15 towns and several unincorporated territories. Job Nesutan, his servant, taught Eliot the Massachusett language. Archaeological evidence places Narragansett peoples in the region that later became the colony and state of Rhode Island more than 30,000 years ago. The Narragansett Indians are descendants of the aboriginal people of the State of Rhode Island. The tribe has begun language revival efforts, based on early 20th-century books and manuscripts, and new teaching programs. Introduction to the Narragansett Language: A Study of Roger Williams' A Key into the Language of America by Moondancer (Francis Joseph O'Brien, Jr) . Like many members of the Narragansett tribe, Sherent Harris learned how to dance at powwows before he could walk. Providence, RI. The Narragansett Dawn 1 (September 1935): 122-4. No mail is accepted at that location. 2 vols. 1643 Narragansett-English vocabulary, A Key into the Language of America , Roger Williams included a note about speech. We claim that while one drop of Indian blood remains in our veins, we are entitled to the rights and privileges guaranteed by your ancestors to ours by solemn treaty, which without a breach of faith you cannot violate.[24]. The settlement of Providence Plantations was burned on March 27, 1676, destroying Roger Williams's house, among others. Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett Language Map. Narragansett 126 Years After. A Key into the Language of America:, or, an Help to the Language of the Natives in that Part of America called New-England. In 1996, MIT got involved when she went to work with the universitys linguists and graduate students. http://www.native-languages.org/narragansett.htm International Journal of American Linguistics 39(1): 14, (1973). In 1978, the State of Rhode Island settled out of court to . What was the purpose of Williams's A Key into the Language of America? The Narragansetts later had conflict with the Mohegans over control of the conquered Pequot land. He went to the island but could not learn why the Indians called it Narragansett. View details, map and photos of this single family property with 3 bedrooms and 2 total baths. . The Indians wanted to expel the colonists from New England. The Naragansetts lost control of much of their tribal lands during the state's late 19th-century detribalization, but they kept a group identity. Would you like to help support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages? Select all that apply. [8], But in fact Roger Williams's statement does enable a fairly precise localization: He states that the place was "a little island, between Puttaquomscut and Mishquomacuk on the sea and fresh water side", and that it was near Sugar Loaf Hill. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett-Sprache

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