which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

b. c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. Finally, does uncertainty always lead to a negative end? That is the idea, at least. Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. d. bipolar disorder. 18. b. cultural. Behaviorism was dominant from 1913 to 1990 before being absorbed into mainstream psychology. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. 31. b. transference. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? d. reality principle. The humanistic perspective. a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. 82. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. Existential therapy is used to treat substance abuse, excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. b. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. b. early childhood trauma. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. d. fixation. b. the libido. And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? 132. 55. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. b. b. Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). 26. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? 117. Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? 66. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. 84. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. B) chemical imbalances and brain damage. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. b. superego. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. 138. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. 17. Respondent conditioning. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. Also of importance to the neuron is the myelin sheath or the white, fatty covering which: 1) provides insulation so that signals from adjacent neurons do not affect one another and, 2) increases the speed at which signals are transmitted. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. c. intellectualization. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. a. gestalt Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. d. fear. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. Bacterial and viral infections. b. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. b. sociocultural 2.2.1.2. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. b. develop depression even when not under stress. You are doing your best. More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. Criticisms. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. d. psychodynamic. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. 156. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? b. ego. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. 2.2.2.3. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). The development of personality. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. Conditioning. 51. 80. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? c. how prejudice and discrimination impact women. c. sociocultural. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. Figure 2.2. According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. 59. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. d. humanists. c. children who very seldom fight. None of the models are complete within themselves. This is called: a. fixation. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). a. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. 133. a. Neurotransmitters are released. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. Which statement about paradigms is FALSE? It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. What form do these consequences take? 42. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. d. catharsis. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. Some biological treatments produce significant undesirable effects. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. 90. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. 2.3.4.1. a. Dysfunction b. What is learning? b. negative transference. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. 145. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. 2.3.4. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. b. existential therapy. Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. d. countertransference. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. d. synapses. Chapters 1,2,3,&4 Test Jeopardy Template Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. We see this in the case of reflexes. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. b. cognitive-behavioral The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. Observational learning. b. existential. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. d. latent content. 104. b. a distorted view of the self. How so? Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. 2.2.1.4. 2.3.1.3. b. social factors leading to stress. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. Describe how psychological perspectives explain mental illness. c. ineffective treatment options. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. c. double-blind studies. Step 6 Please note that this process is cyclical. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? 116. For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? This perspective is part of the behavioral humanistic O psychodynamic O d. comitive Which of the following statements regarding the abnormal behavior of faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality is TRUE? Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. A story will illustrate the latter. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. To effectively treat a mental disorder, we must understand its cause. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. All of the models include an element of the biological model. d. sociocultural. b. existential This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. 40. d. cognitive-behavioral. b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. The strategies arise from all three learning models. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. d. libido. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people within poor subpopulations, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which: a. personal responsibility is related to dysfunction. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational).